1/16/2024 0 Comments Hanging scaffold nude![]() Although widely used and effective, these methods all possess various limitations and disadvantages ( Richter et al., 2016) ( Table 1). And there are three common AC regeneration techniques used in clinics including microfracture (MF) ( Kraeutler et al., 2020), autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) ( Gille et al., 2016) and autologous/allogeneic cartilage transplantation ( Hangody et al., 1997 Frank et al., 2018). Conservative treatment is mainly to relieve pain and inflammation through drugs, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cyclooxygenase 2-selective (COX-2) inhibitors and articular cavity injection of corticosteroids ( Yang et al., 2020). Currently, the repair of AC injury includes conservative treatment and surgical treatment. As a result, AC rarely regenerates or repairs itself after damage or degeneration caused by common diseases such as osteoarthritis ( Camarero-Espinosa et al., 2016). These chondrocytes are extremely poor at proliferating at a rate of almost zero. It is composed of low levels of chondrocytes (∼1–5% of the total tissue volume), which are surrounded by compact anti-adhesion extracellular matrix (ECM). In addition, the future development of ECM-based biomaterials is hypothesized.Īrticular cartilage (AC) is a hydrated viscoelastic connective tissue that does not have innervation, lymphatic contraction or blood flow. This review systematically investigates the following: the characteristics of cartilage ECM, repair mechanisms, decellularization method, source of ECM, and various ECM-based cartilage repair methods. These scaffolds mimic the versatility of the native ECM in function, composition and dynamic properties and some of which are designed to improve cartilage regeneration. In recent years, with advances in medicine, biochemistry and materials science, to meet the regenerative requirements of the heterogeneous and layered structure of native articular cartilage (AC) tissue, a series of tissue engineering scaffolds based on ECM materials have been developed. Whereas, little progress has been made in this field. Techniques facilitating the repair and/or regeneration of articular cartilage pose a significant challenge for orthopedic surgeons. To date, traditional tissue engineering methods by using natural and synthetic materials have not been able to replicate the physiological structure (biochemical composition and biomechanical properties) of natural cartilage. Natural ECM plays a role in mechanical and chemical cell signaling and promotes stem cell recruitment, differentiation and tissue regeneration in the absence of biological additives, including growth factors and peptides.
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